By Robert Berrouët-Oriol
Linguist-terminologist
Montreal, the 1is July 2024
One of the sociolinguistics professors at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), a keen amateur of the high poetry of Guadeloupean Saint-John Perse and a mathematician by training before exploring the arable lands of linguistics, often said in the classroom that in everyday language as in poetic and romantic fiction, words have a flavor, a tone, a resonance, a history, a primary or differentiated meaning depending on the context of enunciation, the language register and the era. Dictionaries of everyday language and specialized terminologies testify to varying degrees to the relevance of the remarks of the UQAM sociolinguist, and the history of the migration of words bears witness to this when they move from one territory to another, from one era to another, from one domain to another, from one language register to another. Linguists and semioticians who have been following the work of psychoanalyst and linguist Julia Kristeva for several years are familiar with this problem, which can be seen in particular in her novel ” The Samurai » (Éditions Fayard, 1990) where “speech is linked to an essential pleasure”, to the “flavor of words” (Kristeva, 1990: 35), “to the music of letters” (ibidem: 38). In a text of great analytical amplitude published by Éditions Fayard in 1999, “ The female genius 1. Hannah Arendt », Julia Kristeva returns to the subject: “The flavor of words, given back to the robotic individuals that we are, is perhaps the most beautiful gift that feminine writing can offer to the mother tongue.”
One of Julia Kristeva’s teachings is that the flavor, tone and resonance of
words have a history, a “memorial sedimentary”, a dated historical inscription and
identifiable in the social body. The dated and identifiable historical inscription of a term in
the social body is studied by lexicology from its etymological roots to its
lexicographic treatment. On the lexicographic level, for example, the excellent dictionary ” Haitian Creole-English Bilingual Dictionnary » by linguist-lexicographer Albert Valdman (Creole Institute, Indiana University, 2007) defines the term as follows: how come » : kamoken 1 – n. quinine ; kamoken 2 – n. dissident [rebel against Duvalier regime] The Kamoken decided to bring down the government. The dissidents decided to topple the government. » The two meanings of the term are therefore recorded and situated on the time scale: (1) it is first of all a medicine, quinine (a natural antipyretic, analgesic and above all, antimalarial alkaloid) used in Haiti to fight malaria. (2) The term “kamoken” 1 / “quinine” then migrated to Creole from its original meaning in the field of pharmacology to that of the political field during the dictatorship of François Duvalier, “kamoken 2 » designating “rebels” fighting against the dictatorship of François Duvalier. The history of the historical and semantic migration of the medical term “kamoken” has not been studied so far since we have not found any occurrence followed by a definition in the lacunar ” Vilsen Creole Dictionary ” nor in the equally incomplete ” Caribbean Creole Dictionary » by Evelyne Trouillot. The term “kamoken” / “quinine” also does not appear in the “ Glossary of STEM terms from the MIT – Haiti Initiative “, the most mediocre English-Creole lexicon in all of Haitian Creole lexicography.
However, it is observed that the French term ” camoquin » is listed in TERMIUM PLUS, the terminology database of the Translation Bureau of the Canadian federal government. In the generic fields of use “chemical elements and compounds” and “drugs”, it is defined as follows: “Antimalarial drug administered orally, whose effect is radical in forms of Plasmodium falciparum [et qui est] also active in hepatic amoebiasis […] “. The English equivalents of ” camoquin » are the variants « amodiaquine » et « amodiaquine » ainsi définis: «A chemical used to suppress malaria and to treat malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum or liver abscess due to ameba ». Le terme« how come » appears in an article on the Ayibopost website dated May 13, 2020, « What is a Kamoken? ? ». This article reports the statement of historian Michel Soukar according to whom the use of the term ” how come ” became popular in reference to the fight of brothers Fred and Reneld Baptiste, in the 1960s, against the dictatorship of François Duvalier. The brothers Fred and Reneld Baptiste would have been perceived, in the Haitian popular imagination, as a “medicine” against the dictatorship of François Duvalier: the ” camoquin » French having become the « how come ” in Creole. Subject to a detailed etymological/semantic study, we can assume that the derivation of the medical term ” quinine » to the Creole term « how come ” probably obeys an internal semantic logic that would be clarified by the passage from the medical function to the political and social function of the original medical term. The migration of scientific and technical terms to everyday language is a common phenomenon in natural languages. This is the case for the names “registered trademarks” or “trademarks” which, through a process of lexicalization, have become terms in common use in the different registers of everyday French: aspirine, kleenex, frigidaire, kodak, etc. They are also in use in Creole: aspirin, klinèks, frijidè, kodak, etc. The following Spanish dictionaries do not record any evidence of ” camoquin » : Real Academia Española, the Spanish-French dictionaries Le Robert & Collins, the Spanish-French Dictionary online Larousse. Another example: the history of the historical and semantic migration of the term “dilatory” (noun and adjective) was studied by the lexicographer André Vilaire Chery in his remarkable ” Dictionary of the evolution of French vocabulary in Haiti » (volume 1, Éditions Édutex, 2000). Thus, he specifies (page 122) that this term comes from legal Latin procrastinator and that it migrated “from the world of the courts to invest the political field and parliamentary life and then to the general public thanks to the media”. The French term “dilatoire” has the same meaning as “dilatwa” in Creole and is used in the same contexts.
As previously illustrated with the term “quinine”, learned words and those of everyday language are often “traveling words”, they have a history, a “memory sediment”, including when they emerge from what is commonly called “professional jargon”. Thus, at the dawn of computing, we witnessed in 1945 the appearance of the first programmable electronic digital calculator known as ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). The widespread use of this type of device led to the term ” computer ” in English and it was necessary, for French-speaking areas, to find a French equivalent.
” Word ” computer » dates from 1955. It was invented by Jacques Perret at the request of the
IBM advertising manager who wanted a name to communicate on the ” calculator “, literal translation of the word ” computer “. Indeed, IBM wanted to market a machine intended for information processing. However, the name ” calculator electronic type 650 ” did not seem very [éclairant] within an advertising message. He had the idea of calling on his professor of Latin philology at the Sorbonne to whom he entrusted a description of the new machine. After exploring several avenues, Jacques Perret handed in his copy on April 16, 1955, proposing the word ” computer “. A word ” properly trained ” he said, an old word from theological vocabulary which has fallen into disuse, designating according to Littré ” God who puts order in the world “… The Dictionary of Sciences, directed by Michel Serres and Nayla Farouki, evokes ” an old church Latin word which designated, in the Christian ritual, the one who proceeds to ordinations and regulates the ceremonial “. The professor retains this notion of ” put in order ” to define the machine. He also explains the avenues he has ruled out, such as ” Systemateur ” or ” combiner “, but also ” digester “(…) Having noticed that the vocabulary designating other machines, such as tabulator or sorter, were feminine, he also suggested the word ” ordering “, which would have the double advantage of moving away from the theological origin of the proposed terminology. This was the word ” computer » which was chosen by IBM to release its “IBM 650 computer”. The name was
filed by the brand, but very quickly passed into common parlance. In fact, IBM then gave up the rights to the name. The history of the word ” computer » sheds light, if necessary, on the cultural dimension of semantics (…)” — (Source: “History of the word “computer”: virtu-desk.fr, website providing information on virtualization technologies).
Whether it is ecology, artificial intelligence, earth sciences, computer science or aeronautics, “professional jargon” also attests to the vitality of natural languages which, according to the needs of communication, give a new meaning to words already used in the language or create new words to designate new realities, particularly in technical and scientific fields – we are then in the field of scientific and technical neology within the discipline called terminology. THE terminology is here ” Discipline which has as its object the theoretical study of the denominations of objects or concepts used by this or that field of knowledge, the functioning in the language of terminological units, as well as translation problems, classification and documentation that arise about them. » (Larousse Dictionary) Also, in terms of taxonomy, the terminology is « Set of terms, rigorously defined, which are specific to a science, a technique, a field particular of human activity “. (Larousse Dictionary) As for her, ” A terminology is first of all a set of specialized terms relating to the same field of activity which has its own vocabulary: terminology of medicine, IT, sport, the navy, etc. The terminology applies to [langues de spécialité] as lexicography touches on general language. A concept, a definition, a term: this is the principle of the development of all terminology; each new concept must be defined precisely and designated by a term, the most suitable, the most meaningful, the clearest possible” (Antonia Velkova, Technical University of Sofia: “ Terminological fields visualized in the teaching of French to engineering students », Proceedings of the IIth Forum mondial HERACLES, 2012).
Internationally, in different areas of institutional activities (relations
international, administrative and financial management of international institutions, etc.),
There are established terminologies, updated periodically as is the case, for example, in ANDTermthe United Nations multilingual terminology database. Alongside established terminologies, “professional jargon” is used “on the job” and in an undifferentiated manner, and it also happens, as we have already pointed out, that this jargon gives rise to lexical units that “move” from one language level to another, and in this way it contributes to enriching specialized terminologies.
From the study of the notion of “basket fund” to the characterization of the champ Haitian Creole Terminology : towards the development of the standardized methodological framework in bilingual French-Creole terminology
The study of the concept of ” basket fund » is particularly instructive in bilingual terminology. This term has appeared in recent years in administrative documents of the United Nations system and has been taken up in the Haitian written press. The exploration of the term « basket fund “, in addition to the interest that this notion represents in terms of strictly terminological analysis, will allow us to circumscribe and clarify the central purpose of this article, namely the methodological anchoring of creole scientific terminologies, one of the major challenges of creolistics. Dedicate a study to the term “ basket fund ” will also be an opportunity to discuss the appearance and characteristics of the champ Haitian Creole Terminology.
The specialized agencies of the UN (UNICEF, UNDP, etc.) use the English term ” basket fund ” in different contexts, particularly in administrative and financial management documents relating to so-called aid mechanisms for countries in the South. In the eyes of several translators and terminologists, the literal translation ” basket of funds “, in French, to translate the English term ” basket fund “, seems obscure and little “motivated” in terms of notional conformity. Example: “The basket of fonds affected, which is managed by UNDP, also covers 85% of operating costs of the Independent Electoral Commission” (source: ” Program budget for the financial year biennial 2012-2013 “, UN, October 11, 2012). In the generic areas of finance and financial management, documentation accessible suggests several French equivalents to express the notion of “ basket fund » (see table 1 below). The documentation consulted also attests the use of ” basket funding ».
At the beginning of the documentary research prior to the terminological study of the term ” basket fund “, we found that the following institutional terminology resources did not provide any analytical data on this concept:
—GDTthe Great Terminological Dictionary of the Quebec Office of the French Language.
—TERMIUM PLUSthe terminology bank of the Canadian Federal Translation Bureau.
-YACHTthe interinstitutional terminology database of the European Union.
— ANDTermthe United Nations multilingual terminology database.
—EuroVOCthe multilingual and multidisciplinary thesaurus covering the terminology of the European Union’s fields of activity.
—FRANCETERMthe terminological device of the General Delegation for the French Language and the Languages of France (DGLFLF).
–ISO OBP, the online consultation platform of the International Organization of
normalisation.
—TERMDATthe terminology database of the Swiss federal administration.
—TermOTAN, the official NATO terminology database.
So, ANDTermthe United Nations multilingual terminology database, does not offer a French equivalent for the term ” basket fund ». ANDTerm records the term ” basket fund » in both English and French, without providing a specific French equivalent.
The term ” basket fund ” is attested in the written press in Haiti (in Le Nouvelliste and
The National” among others). However, it is observed that no Haitian institution in the banking sector, including the Bank of the Republic of Haiti, the Professional Association of Banks, Unibank, Sogebank, the National Credit Bank, the Bank of the Haitian Union, has so far developed a French-Creole reference vocabulary in the generic fields of finance and financial management that could have been used. In an article by Robenson Geffrard published on June 18, 2021 by Le Nouvelliste, “Claude Joseph in search of $17 million to complete the election budget”, it is mentioned that “Since January 21, 2021, the Haitian government has signed an agreement with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) on the reactivation of the Trust Fund (Basket Fund) which has been funded on several occasions from the resources of the Public Treasury”.
The continuation of the constitution of the terminological file on the notion of “ basket fund ” led us to carry out a more extensive documentary search. This was a part of identifying occurrences of the term ” basket fund » in English contexts where it is defined. Then, on the other hand, to circumscribe – in case it exists – the terminological unit corresponding, in Creole, to the notion of ” basket fund “. The objective being (1) to find written evidence of a possible Creole equivalent and (2) to explore the hypothesis of the notional conformity between the original English term ” basket fund ” and this possible Creole equivalent to designate the notion of « basket fund “. The identification of a possible Creole equivalent to render the notion of « basket fund » refers to the more essential and broader problem of the current state of champ Haitian Creole Terminology which has until today been the subject of very little of academic research work.
Historically, there is very little information available on the appearance and development of the champ Haitian Creole Terminology. However, an article by the Dean of the Faculty of Applied Linguistics at the State University of Haiti, Pierre Vernet, ” Terminology in Haiti “, provides relevant data on the subject. This text was published in 1989 in issue 2 of the journal Terminologies nouvelles of the International Network of Neology and Terminology (RINT) to which Haiti adhered in 1989. Here is an extract: ” [la terminologie] is a discipline that is very little known in Haiti. It is absolutely necessary to work to promote terminology in this country to encourage the evolution of the Creole language (…). The Haitian module is pleased to have been able to join the RINT and already anticipates the positive effects of the exchanges, both at the specific level of solutions specific to the problems of linguistic planning in Haiti and at the more general level of progress in terminology. The problem of terminology in Haiti arises essentially, for the moment, within the framework of the education system, both from a formal point of view (classrooms) and informal (literacy, use of mass media). (…) terminological research arises in a context of conflictual contact between two languages, reflecting the more global meeting of two worlds. Terminology, because it responds essentially to didactic purposes, must aim for transparency. It therefore favours, among other modalities, lexical creativity in taking into account the experience of the population on the one hand and the universal contribution on the other (Western values, technology, etc.).” Pierre Vernet is also the author of the article ” Research issues terminology in Haiti ” published in 1990 in Cahiers du Rifal no. 3, series “New Terminologies”. For our part, we contributed to the reflection on the subject of terminology in Haiti by publishing the study entitled ” Scientific and technical neology, an essential aid to the teaching of Haitian Creole “. This study appeared in the collective reference book ” The teaching of Creole at the heart of linguistic planning in Haiti » (by Robert Berrouët-Oriol et aliiEditions Zémès, Port-au-Prince, and Editions du Cidihca, Montreal, 2021).
Before continuing the terminological study of the term ” basket fund “, it is necessary to provide conceptual insight into the notion of champ Haitian Creole Terminology.
The Creole terminologyon its theoretical reflection and production of scientific and technical terminologies aspects, is an integral part of creolistics. It is correlated with champ Haitian Creole Terminology which is expected to be established over the next few years and to systematize its anchoring on the basis of the methodology of professional terminology. champ Haitian Creole Terminology includes all theoretical work, field research and specialized vocabularies developed by terminologists in close collaboration with specialists in the fields studied. And to the extent that the champ terminological Haitian creole is in its infancy, it will have to develop its strategy in the very short term standardized methodological framework intended to guide and supervise the development of scientific and technical terminology in the Creole language (see our articles “ The long road of scientific and technical terminologies in Haitian Creole » (Le National, February 14, 2023); « Haitian Creole: Advocacy for a Standardized and Unique Methodological Framework in Scientific and Technical Terminology » (Le National, February 24, 2023); « Creole lexicography, translation and specialized terminologies: amateurism is not an option… » (Le National, February 7, 2023); « Creole scientific and technical neology tested by the mirages of the “monolingualism of historical deafness” in Haiti » (The National, 17 May 2022). The champ Haitian Creole Terminology will be developed in the depths of its relationships with Creole lexicography and with the teaching of Creole without losing sight of the fact that the terminology delimits concepts and associates the appropriate terms with them, while the lexicography decode lexical units and describes its meaning or different meanings (see Marie-Claude L’Homme and Sylvie Vandaele, “ Lexicography and terminology: compatibility of models and methods », University of Ottawa Press, 2007; see in particular chapter IV: « The definition of terms in general monolingual dictionaries: analysis of some examples from the field of volcanology in the light of a popularization corpus » (pp. 141-188), by Amélie Josselin-Leray and Roda P. Roberts. In presenting their study, the authors state that “Terms or words belonging to specialized languages, present in the nomenclature of so-called general dictionaries, constitute one of the most obvious points of convergence between terminology and lexicography. In this article, we wish to see to what extent it is possible to reconcile information of a terminological nature found in an electronic corpus for popularization with that of a lexicographic nature found in general language dictionaries.” In the same article, see also chapter VI: ” Contrastive study of the principles and methods of lexicography and terminometrics » (pp. 219-246), by Jean Quirion and Jacynthe Lanthier. As regards the distinction between terminology and lexicography, one will profitably consult the study « Terminographic description and lexicographic description » by Elsadig Abdulla Osman (Faculty of Languages and Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, January 15, 2014). In a general presentation of his study, the author specifies that he establishes “the distinction between terminography and lexicography according to the main object of their field of study. Then, we differentiate between terminological unit and lexical unit according to several criteria including: the exhaustive recording of units; syntagmatic units; the onomasiological approach and semasiological approach; the syntaxo-grammatical approach; the definitional and illustrative perspective; the normalizing aim; neological creation; the different types of products, etc.”.
As mentioned above, the champ Haitian Creole Terminology is called upon to develop its reference : par « standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology “, we designate the normative guide document to which to refer and which includes the rules and methodological principles constituting the unique model which must guide all Creole terminological work (punctual terminology, thematic terminology, technical and scientific neology). For the whole champ Haitian Creole Terminologythis reference document must be a methodological guide describing the different stages of terminological work from the initial analysis of documentary data (the corpus) to the terminological processing of the data collected (the nomenclature) followed by their dissemination on paper and/or electronic media.
The development of the ” Standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology » –on the register of Modeling of French-Creole bilingual terminology–, will be able to draw inspiration from the model established in Quebec, which enjoys solid international recognition/establishment. Equipped with a rigorous scientific system, the model established in Quebec is recorded mainly in the reference work ” Methodology of terminological research » by Pierre Auger and Louis-Jean Rousseau (Quebec Office of the French Language, 1978 [1988, 1990]). In connection with the model established in Quebec, the “ Standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology » will include the following steps in both specific and thematic terminology:
Preparation of terminology work Terminology work Terminology and neology NOTE – At the first stagethe preparation of the terminological work, particular attention will be paid to “the delimitation of the field of work”, to “the determination of the specific objectives of the research project” and to “the preliminary documentation” which will be the subject of a systematic analysis. The first stage consists of the establishment of the corpus which will serve as a basis for the research: this is the documentary stage which precedes the terminological work.
To the second stepthe terminological work is twofold: it consists first of determining the terminology of the chosen domain in each of the languages that are the subject of the lexicon (unless it is already established in one of them) and then of establishing equivalence relations between the two terminologies. These two tasks, which must be successive, determine the overall course that the terminological work must follow. There are therefore two main phases in the progress of the work: a research phase (terminological analysis) during which terminological data relating to the concepts or categories of concepts listed previously are collected for each language, and a terminology processing phase of the two provisional nomenclatures which were established in the research phase, this terminological treatment will make it possible to determine, definitively, the terminology of the field in the two languages treated and then to establish the concordance between these two terminologies.
To the third stepterminology and neology, The processing of the data collected in the nomenclature ends with the establishment of the vocabulary studied: the recorded results present the listing of the equivalents in the source language followed by the equivalents in the target language according to the principle of strict notional equivalence between the notions circumscribed in the two languages. units terminological appear at the “entry” of the established vocabulary (simple terms and complex terms) and the terms gathered in nomenclature, at this stage, may include neologisms noted in the documentation or coined by the terminologist in consultation with specialists in the field studied (see our article “ Scientific and technical neology, an essential aid to the teaching of Haitian Creole » published in the collective reference book « The teaching of Creole at the heart of linguistic planning in Haiti » (by Robert Berrouët-Oriol et aliiÉditions Zémès, Port-au-Prince, and Éditions du Cidihca, Montreal, 2021). On neology, see the studies of Jean-Claude Boulanger: (1) “ The evolution of the concept of “neology” from linguistics to language industries », in Caroline De Schaetzen (dir.), Paris, International Council of the French Language and Ministry of the French Community of Belgium, 1989; (2) « Problematic of a methodology for identifying neologisms in terminology », in Neology and lexicology. Tribute to Louis Guilbertcoll. “Language and language”, Paris, Librairie Larousse, 1979; (3) « Small linguistic and lexicographical bibliography of neology », in TermnetNewsno 2-3, 1981a ; (4) « Short analytical bibliography: terminology and neology », in Terminology workno3, January, 1984a; (5) « Some observations on spontaneous lexical innovation and planned lexical innovation », in The Word Bankno 27,1984b.
NOTE – In lexicography, terms placed at the “entry” of a lexicon or dictionary are designated by the term “lexical unit” and in terminology by the “terminological unit”. This is defined as follows: “A meaningful unit consisting of a word (simple term) or several words (complex term) and which designates a notion unequivocally within a domain” (Grand dictionnaire terminologique de la langue française).
The preceding analytical path has so far made it possible to explain what the champ Haitian Creole Terminology as well as its central operational device, the “ standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology “. These two stages of the same systematization of terminological activity are the basis of a scientific approach conducted in the depths ofan explicit modeling : all projects in Creole scientific and technical terminology must be developed on a single, standardized methodological basis. Thus, upstream, the determination of the terminological project is essential: the project is situated on the register of the punctual terminology or on that of the thematic terminology and his initiators-editors are identified by the body responsible for the terminology project (the State or a national public or private institution). The target audience is identified, it could for example be professionals from the fields of agri-food, veterinary medicine, IT. means to be implemented are then defined: this will be a field survey and/or documentary research carried out as a team with a view to constituting the reference corpus. This will be the subject of the terminology processing with the help of’analysis and classification tools of the data collected. This systematization of the acti Terminological clarity is illustrated by a short summary published in 2010 in Language News (vol. 7, number 4), “ Translators and ad hoc terminology research at 21e century “Its author, Kim Lacroix, provides relevant insight into the approach elaborative in punctual terminology and on the analysis tools to which the terminologist appeals. Let us read it in the text:
“What is a one-off terminology search?
“This type of research, probably the most common, aims to respond to a specific and sometimes unique need (therefore punctual). A one-off search answers a specific (often urgent) question, for example: “What does bandwidth ? » or “What is the English equivalent of parachutist ? ». According to Célestin, Godbout and Vachon-L’Heureux, who co-wrote [l’ouvrage] Methodology of ad hoc terminological research« […] anyone […] has ever made the effort to check the meaning of a word, to look for the term corresponding to a notion or to try to discover the equivalent of a foreign term in his language, has already in some way carried out a terminology research punctual. So, bilingual one-off terminology research is the search for the equivalent of a term in another language.
How the ad hoc terminological research is it conducted?
First, you need to check whether the search has not already been done. This involves consulting terminology databases, bilingual dictionaries and glossaries. If the term is not found there, you need to do a “real” bilingual terminology search. According to most terminology manuals, the steps to follow to find an equivalent are as follows:
Determine the domain of the starting term. Define the starting term. Using the context and definitions of the term, determine its characteristics and find related keywords. Using features or keywords, search for an equivalent term in documents in the domain of the source term, but written in the language of the target term. For example, to find the equivalent of the term ” slider» in the field of parachuting equipment, one could use keywords found in the context and easily translated into French, such as “parachuting equipment”, “parachute”, “wing”, “canopy”, “fabric”, “eyelet”, etc.” The conceptual and methodological prerequisites of the champ Haitian Creole Terminology having been established, we will now set out the illustration by completing the terminological study of the term ” basket fund ». This illustration will be followed bya Proposition exploratory with a view to developing the « standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology ».
TABLEAU 1 / Steps 1, 2, 3 – List of occurrences of “basket fund” recorded in the Linguee.fr database and identification of French or English terminological units used in French
English defining term and contextFrench term and explanatory and/or defining contextTerminological units recorded in FrenchThe election basket fund wasused to supportthe by-elections.The basket of fonds for the elections was used on this occasion.basket of fonds Anti-Corruption oversee the provision oftechnical assistance in the area of governance and anti-corruption funded from the basket fund.(…) monitor technical assistance funded by the c fundaboutwill in the areas of governance and the fight against corruption.c fundaboutwill The Facility isfunded through a multi-donor basket fund,with an initial supportof $4 million.The device is powered by a basket lessors of fondsinitially for $4 million.basket of lessors of fondsSo far, UNFPA funds have not been pooled into a common–basket fund.So far, UNFPA funds have not been paid into a ” basket comwill »basket comwillThe basket fund modality has been an importantvehicle for donor harmonisation.The modality of the fonds basket is an important vehicle for harmonizing donor interventions.fonds basketGermany, the United States of America and Belgium, often through prefinancing under the emergency basket fund managed by UNDP.(…) African and Belgium, often through previous funding through the Fonds fiducianire of the emergency programme managed by UNDP.fonds fiducianire with a number of donors and MONUC, through management ofthe Basket Fund andthe implementation of several projectsin support of […]He also supported the electoral process, with several donors and MONUC, through the management of the Basket Fundand the execution of several projects […] Basket Fundregion and Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery), financed undera basket fund established withvoluntary contributions.Office of Crisis Prevention and Recovery, funded by a fonds global created by voluntary contributions. fonds global Analytical lighting — On the methodological level, the usual and standardized approach in punctual terminology as in thematic terminology consists of finding written sources attesting to occurrences du starting term –ici « basket fund »–, followed by a definition or a defining context in the source language and relating to this notion. In the second stage, it is a question of finding documentary sources attesting to occurrences of the French equivalent of the original English term – here “ basket fund »–, followed by a definition or a defining context in French relating to this notion. In punctual terminology as in thematic terminology, notional equivalence must be established between the source language (here English) and the target language (here French), and this notional equivalence is established using defining seeds commons to the same concept in both languages. It is essential to understand that The notional approach constitutes one of the key foundations of the terminology methodology : terminologists working in the Haitian Creole terminology field will have to, on a methodological level, rigorously anchor and model their approach on the basis of the uniqueness of notional equivalence (on the central notion of ” notional equivalence » in bilingual terminology, see among others Maarten Janssen and Marc Van Campenhoudt, « Translation terminology and knowledge representation: the use of hyponymic relations “, article published in the journal Languages no 157, 2005/1; on that of ” equivalence functional », voir Zuzana Honová, « Functional equivalence – a strategy for legal translation? “, article published in Brno Romance Studies 37/2016/2; see also the leading study dated 1995, “ The interlinguistic notional network / Notional network, artificial intelligence and equivalence in multilingual terminology: a modeling attempt “, by Marc Van Campenhoudt (TERMISTI Research Centre, Higher Institute of Translators and Interpreters, Brussels). Here is an example that illustrates the obligation to establish, when developing a terminology file, the notional equivalence between the term in the source language and that in the target language: it comes from the terminological data recorded in TERMIUM PLUS, the terminology bank of the Canadian Federal Translation Bureau and dealing with the notion of ” artificial intelligence ».
TABLEAU 2 – Terminology record on the concept of “artificial intelligence” in TERMIUM PLUS, the terminology database of the Translation Bureau of the Canadian federal government
English termEnglish definition or defining contextEnglish Note(s)artificial intelligenceThe capability of a [software entity or a hardware entity equipped with software components] to perform functions that are generally associated with human intelligence Functions of interest with regard to artificial intelligence include perception, learning andreasoning.-———————————-Artificial intelligence ; AI : designations standardized by ISO in collaboration with the International Electrotechnical Commission and by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA).English abbreviation: AIEnglish synonym: machine intelligenceGeneric domain declassification of the English term: artificial intelligenceFrench termFrench definition or defining contextFrench note(s)intelligenceartificial/correct, feminine noun, normalized/Capacity of a [entité logicielle ou d’une entité matérielle équipée d’éléments logiciels] to perform functions generally associated with human intelligence […] Among the functions which are of interest in terms ofartificial intelligenceincluding perception, learning and reasoning.French synonym: IAGeneric domain declassification of the French term: artificial intelligence In the register of terminological analysis, we retain the similarity, the notional conformity between the defining semes (1) from the original English term, “ artificial intelligence “, and (2) those of the French equivalent ” artificial intelligence ” : “The capability of a software entity” / “functions that are generally associated with human intelligence” and “Capacity of a software entity” / “functions that are generally associated with human intelligence”
to human intelligence”. The French equivalents of the English term “ basket fund “, such
that listed in Table 1, are they in accordance with this basic rule in terminology, namely
the similarity, the notional conformity between the defining semes of the original English term and those of the French equivalent? In both specific and thematic terminology, do the French equivalents listed in Table 1 present the same defining features (uniqueness of the definition) which would make them similarly defined synonyms?
TABLEAU 3 – Common defining features of the French equivalents of the English term
“basket fund” recorded in the Linguee.fr database
French equivalents of the English term “basket fund” (cf. tableau 1)Defining trait(s) common to the French equivalentsTerminological unit including or excluding the feature “funds” basket of funds + funds + basket+ fondsmutual fund + fonds+ fondsdonor basket+ funds + basket+ fondscommon basketnone + basket+ fondsbasket fund+ funds + basket+ fondstrust fund + funds + trust+ fondsBasket Fundfund+ funds, but resumption of the English term in Frenchfonds global + fonds+ fonds Analytical lighting / Of the 8 French equivalents of the English term “ basket fund » listed in Table 1, six include the term “ fonds “. This high number of occurrences indicates that the term ” fonds » should be constitutive of each French equivalent of « basket fund “. On analysis, the equivalents “basket of funds” and “basket fund” must be discarded since on the one hand it is a calque of English. On the other hand, according to The Little Robert online, the word ” basket ” designates in the field of finance a “reference unit of account whose value is established from the weighted average of the value of several national currencies”. However, the context of use of ” basket fund » (see Table 1) indicates that it is indeed a question of “funds”, of grouped “funds”, in financial management, but the segment “basket” / “basket” does not provide any explicit defining feature to the concept. It is therefore necessary to discard the French equivalents containing the term “basket”. The equivalent “trust fund”, in the Haitian legal context and in the field of financial management in the country, must also be studied carefully since in Haitian law the notion of “trust” appears in the Banking Law of 2012 and in some administrative texts, without forgetting the term “fidéicommis” in use in Haiti for many years.
In terms of terminology methodology, the recording of occurrences in written documents is an essential criterion in both specific and thematic terminology. Thus, the term ” fonds commun » appears in several documentary sources, as attested by the following documents:
–“The objective of the project is to contribute to the sustainable management of forest and wildlife resources in Cameroon, so that this vitally important economic sector can generate long-term income for the benefit of the entire country. The project provides a financial contribution to a Common fund so that the Ministry of Forests and Wildlife is able to carry out its public service missions efficiently.” (Source: Government of Canada, ” Project profile — Support for the Forest-Environment Sector Program (PSFE) » ; dates appearing in the document: 2007-03-29 / 2011-11-30.)
–[Le Canada] “Provided a contribution of $42.8 million to Global Peace and Security Fund (GPSF) programming in the Americas, including $14.9 million to Haiti; $5 million to Colombia (e.g., legal assistance to 500 victims of conflict, including sexual violence); and $1 million to Guatemala, including a mutual fund intended to encourage security and justice agencies to collaborate.” (Source: ” Canada’s International Agenda – Strategic Outcome No. 1″, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade – Report 2009 – 2010.)
–As part of the support for the transition, a mutual fund (basket fund) was established as a financing mechanism for the priorities of the roadmap developed by the country [le Tchad]aligned with the position of the African Union.” (Source: ” UNDP and partners hand over public broadcasting equipment for the National Inclusive Dialogue to the Ministry of State for National Reconciliation and Dialogue » (UNDP CHAD 2022.)
–More than 95% of EU funds will be paid into a mutual fund (basket fund) established by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assist in preparations for the elections (…)” (Source: “ European Commission allocates €9.5 million to support the electoral process in the Central African Republic “, October 25, 2012.)
The number of occurrences of the term ” fonds commun “, as well as the reliability of the sources consulted, argues in favor of its retention in any proposal for a French equivalent of the term ” basket fund “. Our analysis shows that the term ” fonds commun » as equivalent to « basket fund ».
The term ” basket fund » is present in the written press in Haiti and also in an unknown number of administrative documents of the Haitian State. Written in French only, several of these documents address the subject of international “aid”. This subject was addressed among others by the site Haïti libre which states in an article dated December 11, 2010 that “The 2010-2011 budget depends 66% on international aid”. Published on February 17, 2022, a dispatch from Radio-Canada, “ Haiti: $600 million in international aid, including $19.5 million from Canada “, specifies that “(…) the international community committed, during the same meeting, to giving 600 million dollars to finance the reconstruction of southern Haiti, ravaged six months ago by an earthquake that killed more than 2,200 people.” The Radio-Canada dispatch does not specify it, but it seems logical that this “aid” takes the circuit of ” basket fund » / « fonds commun “, especially since the donors, the so-called “friendly countries” of Haiti grouped in the Core Group and familiar with political and diplomatic double-talk with Haiti, continue to provide substantial financial support to the neo-Duvalierist PHTK politico-mafia cartel… even when they “sanction” some leading figures in the economic and political sectors in Haiti.
At the end of our documentary research, we identified French equivalents but we found no Creole equivalent to designate the notion of ” basket fund » / « fonds commun “. This observation illustrates the fact that there are very few documents of a terminological nature in the Creole language and that scientific and technical terminology, as a discipline of linguistics, is still in its infancy in Haiti (see the two articles by Pierre Vernet above). Such an observation calls into question the whole problem of the development in Creole of specialized vocabularies in fields such as law, computer science, veterinary medicine, automobile mechanics, etc. More broadly, this observation induces several questions: how to develop scientific and technical terminologies in Creole that conform to the methodology of terminology? Are such terminological projects necessary for the progress of the country, for the didacticization of Creole and for teaching in Creole as a mother tongue? What should be the academic and professional skills of the Haitian translator / terminologist in 2024? What will be the institutional relationship between Creole lexicography and Creole scientific and technical terminology? Given that the monolingual Creole dictionaries that have been put into circulation in recent years are seriously incomplete, what tools can terminologists use to successfully carry out Creole terminological work? It will be necessary to devote a major study to this set of questions at a later date. They are essential and Haitian creolistics will have to contribute to a thorough reflection on this. For our part, the first response that we are providing today is to set out the methodological basis of all Creole scientific and technical terminology: in Creole lexicography as in Creole scientific and technical terminology, the central operational axis is methodology. The systematic use of the methodology of research in specific terminology and in thematic terminology is a necessary step and a basic requirement: the methodology guarantees the scientific nature of any enterprise relating to the champ Haitian Creole Terminology.
TABLEAU 4 – Modeling the methodology for developing a Creole terminology project: one-off research=RP; thematic research=RT
Step 12nd stepStep 3Step 4 Determination of the objectives of the Creole terminology project and the readership targets Analysis of written documentary sources (development of the corpus of counting) Constitution of the nomenclature of selected terms (for thematic terminology projects) Processing of terminological data (categorization of terminological units, establishment of definitions, contexts and notes). Indication of notional references if applicable.Specific or thematic terminologySame methodological requirements in RP et RT (use of written sources, reliability and dating of documents)Same methodological requirements in RP et RT (use of written sources, reliability and dating of documents)Same methodological requirements in RP et RT (uniformity of processing criteria, use of exact defining semes, notional conformity between the source term and its terminological equivalent in the target language) As illustrated in Tables 4 and 5, the adoption of a single model makes it possible to process uniformly all the terminological data that will first appear on the terminology sheet (worksheet) then in the “finished product”, the vocabulary of the field studied – and this vocabulary will be accessible on paper and/or electronic media, for example in a terminology database. The terminology sheet includes the following mandatory fields:
TABLEAU 5 – Specific terminology sheet resulting from the analysis of the French term “cellular”
Required FieldTerm in the source languageRequired FieldGrammatical category Required Field
Definition Required Field
Defining context or explanatory note cellularname m.[appareil de communication]short for “cell phone”The cell phone made a remarkable entrance into Haiti around 1998-1999. references: portable, mobile Its success led to it being voted “Product of the Year 1999″ by a specialist magazine.Synonyme(s) portable ; mobilenom m.; mobile [appartient aux catégories] noun and adj.[appareil de communication]short for “cell phone”Also known as “cellular”, this communication equipment has enjoyed resounding success in Haiti since 1998-1999 (…) forwarding: cell phone Source — André Vilaire Chery: “ Dictionary of the evolution of French vocabulary in Haiti », volumes 1 and 2, Éditions Édutex, 2000 and 2002, pages 64, 68 and 155.Indexing domain: mobile telephony, telecommunications.General note: computerized processing of terminological information at all stages. TABLEAU 6 – Specific terminology sheet resulting from the analysis of terminological data of the Creole equivalent “pòtab”
Term in the source languageGrammatical category + referenceDefinition Defining context or explanatory note portable n. cell phone, cellularcell phone; cf cellphone, cellular Not recordedSource— Albert Valdman : « Haitian Creole-English Bilingual Dictionnary », Creole Institute, Indiana University, 2007, page 576. Indexing domain: mobile telephony, telecommunications. General note: computerized processing of terminological information at all stages.
Analytical lighting / Even though the ” Vilsen Creole Dictionary » was published in 1997 and was reissued in 2003, 2007 and 2009, the term « portable » is attested only in the sense of « dlo potab ». It is not defined in the indexing fields of mobile telephony or telecommunications at a time when mobile telephony has become very widespread in a large number of countries. The synonyms « cell phone » et « cellular » noted in the « Haitian Creole-English Bilingual Dictionnary » by Albert Valdman are not attested in the « Vilsen Creole Dictionary ». The « Caribbean Creole Dictionary » by Jocelyne Trouillot correctly defines the term “telefon” (page 270) but does not record the terms “ portable », « cell phone » et « cellular “. The Haiti-Reference site includes a section called ” Dictionnaire/Dictionary/Dictionnaire Creole / English / French “, but it is not known by whom it was written or in what context it was developed. The names of the authors of this dictionary are not known, nor are their lexicographical qualifications. However, it has been noted that an update of this dictionary, the date of which is not known, appears to have been made on February 12 and 13, 2023. Although we are not informed about the methods of creation of this dictionary and its scientific reliability, we find equivalent terms there that should be considered for study within the framework of an expanded terminological file: –in English: ” wireless phone » ; « mobil ” ; -in French : ” cell phone » ; –in Creole: « mobile phone », « mobile phone “. At this stage of the illustration of the development, in punctual terminology, of the notional file of “[[phone] cellular » // « portable », « cellular “, a remark is necessary: It is essential to note that there is very little technical data written in Creole relating to these terms.. This supports the observation that in terms of Creole scientific and technical terminology and in the scientific and technical fields, there are very few documentary resources written in Creole. At this level lies one of the greatest challenges of the champ Haitian Creole Terminology : continuously collect a variety of Creole documentary resources in order to provide qualitative responses to the very great rarity of scientific and technical documentary funds in the Creole language. So, for the terms “[[phone] cellular » // « portable », « cellular “, a more in-depth documentary search, particularly in technical manuals and user guides – if they exist and if they have been translated into Creole, for example by Digicel or Natcom – could be useful in order to find elements of definition or defining contexts in Creole. Another example: the English-Creole catalogue of the Kibagay site provides some attempts to present certain mobile telephone products in Creole, but it would be necessary to count each of the occurrences, spread over several months, in order to find possible data capable of being recorded in a notional file relating to “[[phone] portable » in specific terminology and/or in thematic terminology.
EXPLORATORY PROPOSAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE “ REFERENCE STANDARDIZED METHODOLOGY IN CREOLE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY »
Conceptual and operational reminder — The standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology will make it possible to process all terminological data in a uniform manner and according to the same methodological criteria. which will first appear on the terminology sheet (work sheet) then in the “finished product”, the vocabulary of the field studied.
The information organization device by champs mandatory in terminology punctual is the same as in thematic terminology. The “terminology section” recorded in alphabetical order includes: the term in the source language, the term in the target language (mandatory fields), the grammatical categorization of the terms, their definition (mandatory fields), the context (optional field) and the note (optional field). thematic terminologyit must be emphasized again, designates any terminological research targeting a given domain and which aims to group together all the terms covering the notions specific to a domain (for example the fields of agri-food, audiovisual, printing, cognitive sciences). In thematic terminology, as in specific terminology, the mandatory fields designate (1) the classification area of the terminological unit and the lexical category of the “entry” (entry “heading” term, synonym, abbreviation, term reference); (2) the space reserved for the definition, the defining or illustrative context sentence and the note completing the defining features describing the concept; (3) the space reserved for the indexing domain of the term (for example mobile telephony, computer graphics); (4) the space reserved for documentary sources attesting to the origin of the information contained in the terminology record. This modeling of thematic terminology work – the same model for classifying and processing documentary information but which exposes and explains distinct notions – is illustrated in Fanny Brisson’s DEA thesis, ” Terminological skills of the translator: avenues for reflection for teaching terminology for use in future translators » (Savoie Mont Blanc University, 2019). For the sake of demonstrative clarity, the author has made chapter names to describe the different stages of the analytical approach in thematic terminology:
“1. Document yourself to familiarize yourself with the conceptual system of the field to which the text to be translated relates.
Distinguishing a term from a “non-term”: identifying terms in the source text. Base your search for terminological equivalents on the cross-referencing of conceptual data. Master the range of possible approaches (to find equivalents in the target language). Validate a result by searching for certificates. Appropriate phraseology in the target language. Navigating the multiplicity of resources: making informed use of terminological data. Arbitrate between competing denominations 8.1. Develop a sensitivity to the pragmatic value of terms.
8.2. Compare the anticipated term with the discursive genre of the text to be translated.
Exploiting the endogenous resources of a language or transposing exogenous resources into it: the case of translation from English. Tables 7 and 8 exemplify the modeling presented by Fanny Brisson in her DEA thesis dated 2019. These tables record the strict notional conformity between the French term ” cobble » and the Creole term « adoken ” as well as the similarity of their terminological treatment.
TABLEAU 7 – T-sheet thematic erminology resulting from the analysis of the French term “adoquin”
Term in the source languageGrammatical category + referenceDefinitionDefining context or note cobble1name m.A type of thick polygonal masonry paving stone used for paving a road or driveway.From the term “adoquin” comes the verb “adoquiner” (cobblestone a street) and the noun “adoquinage” (works ofpaving). return : cobblestone, v.; paving, nom m. [NOTE DE RBO: ] The verb “adoquiner” is attested in the Dictionnaire des francophones (DDF): “to pave”, followed by the mention of the geographical area of use, Haiti. The DDF mentions the etymology: from the Spanish adoquinar, “to pave”. cobble2 [Désigne aussi] the local five-gourde coin in the shape of a heptagon (polygon with seven angles and seven sides).Source — André Vilaire Chery: “ Dictionary of the evolution of French vocabulary in Haiti », volume 1, Éditions Édutex, 2000, page 28.Indexing domain: construction, BTP (buildings and public works)General note: computerized processing of terminological information at all stages. TABLEAU 8 – Thematic terminology sheet resulting from the analysis of the Creole equivalent “adoken”
Term in the target languageGrammatical category + referenceDefinitionDefining context or note adokenn.Brick-like blocks, made of concrete, used to make roads or floors, is a technique for paving roads with blocks without pouring concrete into the joints between the blocks.
Sources for the term “adoken”: Albert Valdman, ” Haitian Creole-English Bilingual Dictionnary », Creole Institute, Indiana University, page 5. Creole definition: « Vilsen Creole Dictionary “, Educavision/Kopivit, 2009. Domaine d’indexation : construction, BTP. General note: computerized processing of terminological information at all stages. The term ” adoken » does not appear in the « Caribbean Creole Dictionary » by Jocelyne Trouillot. The Creole definition recorded in the « Creole dictionary Lost » is incomplete: the defining trait “ki looks like ak blok » does not shed light on the nature and characteristics of the object. A more extensive documentary search did not allow us to trace the term « adoken » among the accessible sources. REMINDER: as we specified for the specific terminology, in Creole thematic terminology, It is essential to take full measure of the fact that there is very little technical data written in Creole and relating to these terms. This supports the observation that in terms of Creole scientific and technical terminology and in the scientific and technical fields, there are very few documentary resources written in Creole. At this level lies one of the greatest challenges of the champ Haitian Creole Terminology : the great rarity of Creole documentary sources. Thus, for the Creole term “adoken”, a more in-depth documentary search, particularly in technical manuals and user guides – if they exist and if they have been translated into Creole, for example by construction companies or by the Ministry of Public Works – could be useful in order to find elements of definition or defining contexts in the Creole language.
TABLEAU 9 – SUMMARY / Modeling of the « Standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology » (specific terminology=TP, thematic terminology=TT)
Step 12nd stepStep 3Step 4 Determination of the objectives of the Creole terminology project and the readership targets Review of written documentary sources (corpus of counting) Constitution of the nomenclature of selected terms (for thematic terminology projects) Processing of terminological data (categorization of terminological units, establishment of definitions, contexts and notes). Indication of notional references if applicable. Specific or thematic terminologySame methodological requirements in TP et TT (use of written sources, reliability and dating of documents)Same methodological requirements in TP et TT (use of written sources, reliability and dating of documents)Same methodological requirements in TP et TT (uniformity of processing criteria, use of exact defining semes, notional conformity between the source term and its terminological equivalent in the target language) General note: computerized processing of terminological information at all stages. Experience has amply shown that in thematic terminology, teamwork involving terminologists and specialists in the field under investigation is the best method of operation. It allows the accuracy of the terms to be validated in the target language, the content of the notional and explanatory fields to be specified, and definitions to be forged when there are none. The contribution of specialists in the field studied is therefore essential in thematic terminology. It is the surest way to circumscribe the constituent elements of a terminological definition consistent with the choice of the field and the definer initial and, above all, to operationalize the “defining principles”. In thematic terminology, the “defining principles” constitute the central axis of delimitation and explanation of the notions: it is a question (1) of the “principle of concision (PC)”, (2) of the “clarity principle”, (3) of the “principle of explanation and adequacy (PEA)”, (4) of the “substitution principle (SP)”, (5) of the “non-tautology principle (NTP)”, (6), of the “principle of generalization and abstraction (PGA)”, (7) of the “principle of adaptation to target groups (PAG)”, and (8) of the “predictability principle (PP)” (Robert Vézina, Jean Bédard, Xavier Darras: “ Writing terminological definitions », Quebec Office of the French Language, 2009).
Before and since the co-officialization of Creole and French in the 1987 Constitution, creolistics has produced various research works, scientific articles and books of great interest in sociolinguistics, dialectology, syntax, phonology, more recently in didactics/didactization of Creole and linguistic planning. Beyond the very uneven production of lexicons and dictionaries from 1958 to 2024, we observe that creolistics has not yet sufficiently explored the theoretical foundations of lexicography and terminology. from the particular angle of methodology lexicographical and terminological work. The following works, however, have opened the way to a first-rate reflection and it is necessary to revisit them:
—Albert Valdman published (1) « The evolution of the lexicon in French-based creoles » published in Grammatical information no 85, mars 2000), (2) « Towards the standardization of Haitian Creole » (French Review of Applied Linguistics, 2005/1 (vol. X) and (3) « Towards a bilingual school dictionary for Haitian Creole? (journal La linguistique, 2005/1 (vol. 41).
—Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux is the author of, among other things, (1) « Creole corpora », French Journal of Applied Linguistics 1996/2 (vol. I) et (2) « Prolegomena to a Creole Neology », French Journal of Applied Linguistics 2002/1 (vol. VII) ; and of
—Renauld Govain published among others (1) « Teaching Creole in schools in Haiti: between didactic practices, linguistic contexts and realities ground », in Frédéric Anciaux, Thomas Forissier and Lambert-Félix: see Prudent (ed.), “Didactic contextualizations. Theoretical approaches”, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2013; (2) « The state of Creole in schools in Haiti », Contexts and Didactics review, 4, 2014; (3) « Haitian Creole: Description and Analysis » (under the direction of Renauld Govain, Paris, Éditions L’Harmattan, 2018; (4) « Formal teaching/learning of Creole in schools in Haiti: a path to be built », revue Creolistika, March 2021 ; (5) « From vernacular expression to scientific elaboration: Haitian Creole tested by meta-epilinguistic representations » (revue Contexts and didactics, 17|2021); (6) « For a teaching of Creole as a mother tongue », published in the collective reference book « The teaching of Creole at the heart of linguistic planning in Haiti », by Berrouët-Oriol et al., Zémès Editions and Cidihca Editions, 2021.
The champ Haitian Creole Terminology being very young, he must now focus on developing the standardized methodological framework intended to govern the entire production of scientific and technical terminology in the Creole language : this article intends to make a contribution major operation on this register. The standardized methodological reference in Creole scientific and technical terminology is the first and essential condition for the initiation – in the vast field of the development of the two official languages of Haiti, Creole and French – of terminological projects of high scientific quality. Scientific and technical terminologies in Creole are necessary and will be useful on several levels: in the Haitian School, they will contribute to the teaching of Creole; on a professional level, they will provide indispensable scientific tools to translators; they will be used by the writers of bilingual French-Creole or monolingual Creole school textbooks; they will contribute to the standardization of Creole and to the effectiveness of communications in all areas of transmission of knowledge and skills.
On the specific register of university and professional training in terminology, we are making a joint plea with all our might so that the Faculty of Applied Linguistics of the State University of Haiti expands the ” Translation Techniques Training Program » (PFTT) launched in 2017 in collaboration with the LEVE Association. This specific training framework could be enriched and become the “ Certification program in translation and terminology ” where teaching would be provided equally in the two related fields, translation and terminology. As an exploratory measure, the Faculty of Applied Linguistics could consider conceptualizing this new ” Certification program in translation and terminology » –in partnership with the Law Faculties of the State University of Haiti, Notre-Dame University, Quisqueya University and with the Federation of Haitian Bars and the Port-au-Prince Bar Association–, in order to set up a French-Creole legal terminology project, while focusing on the legal writing in creole language. The expert contribution of the CTTJ, the Center for Legal Translation and Terminology (Faculty of Law, University of Moncton, and of theCanadian Association of Legal Translators (ACJT) would be of great use and would help to train the first jurilinguistes Haitians.
Finally, here are, for information purposes, some references on terminology in addition to those indicated in this article. In addition to the references on terminology, there are those relating to contacts between Creole, French and Spanish.
CABRÉ, Maria Teresa (1998) : Terminology: theory, method and applications. University of Ottawa Press.
CÉLESTIN, Tina and coll. (1984): Methodology of ad hoc terminological research: an attempt at definition. Terminology works services, Office of the French language.
CORBEIL, Jean-Claude (2007): The role of terminology in language planning: genesis and description of the Quebec approach. Langages Review no. 168. Revised version included in the book “ The embarrassment of languages / Origin, design and evolution of Quebec’s linguistic policy “. Quebec-America Editions, 2007.
DUBUC, Robert (2002): Practical Terminology Manual. Editions Linguatech.
GOUADEC, Daniel (2005): Specialized terminology, translation and writing. Languages Review, 39th year, no. 157.
GOVAIN, Renauld (2014): Borrowings from Haitian Creole to English and Spanish. L’Harmattan Editions.
GOVAIN, Renauld (2021): From vernacular expression to scientific elaboration: Haitian Creole tested by meta-epilinguistic representations . Published in Contexts and didactics,17.
GOVAIN, Renauld (2021): Creole is also a language of science . Interview on October 28 on Haiti Inter, web radio and cultural information site.
THE MAN, Marie-Claude (2004): Terminology: principles and techniques. The University of Montreal Press.
MORTUREUX, Marie-Françoise (1995): Scientific and technical vocabularies. Article published in Les Carnets du Cediscor / 3, series “The challenges of specialized discourses”.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (2000): Terminology work – Principles and methods. [Genève]ISO.
ROUSSEAU, Louis-Jean (1994): Towards a methodology for terminological definition. Published in MARTEL, Pierre, and Jacques MAURAIS (dir.), “ Languages and societies in contact : mixes offered to Jean-Claude Corbeil », Tübingen, Max Niemeyer Verlag (Canadiana Romanica, 8). VÉZINA, Robert, Jean Bédard, Xavier Darras (2009): Writing terminological definitions . Quebec Office of the French Language.
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